Chapter 5: Living Marine Resources
I. Fisheries
A. Introduction
* Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) - working
to alleviate poverty and hunger by promoting agricultural development, improved
nutrition, and the pursuit of food security. www.fao.org/
* GAO, The State of the World's Fisheries and Aquaculture 2000 - http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X8002E/x8002e00.htm
* Table of World Fishery
Production by Country
* World Fishery
Statistics - 2001
B. Drivers of fishery loss
1. Overfishing and Overcapitalization
* Ocean Planet Perils: Overfishing - includes a list of fish with current
depletion status. http://seawifs.gsfc.nasa.gov/OCEAN_PLANET/HTML/peril_overfishing.html
* Study warns pollution, overfishing threaten once rich stocks under the sea,
November 13, 2000 CNN Correspondent Rusty Dornin http://archives.cnn.com/2000/NATURE/11/13/missing.fish/
* Too Few Fish in the Sea The overfishing problem is real. So is the conservative
solution. Jonathan Adler - http://www.nationalreview.com/adler/adler052103.asp
* Click here
for a map showing the number of imperiled fish species by state.
2. Bycatch
* Bycatch, Fish and Animals Caught and Wasted http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/sfw_bycatch.aspx
* Cetacean Bycatch Resource Center http://www.cetaceanbycatch.org/
* Dead or Alive - http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/oceans/bycatch/index.cfm
3. Perverse subsidies
* Fish Subsidies: The New Zealand Experience Geneva, 12 February 2001 http://www.unep.ch/etu/etp/events/recent/fishery_newzealand.pdf
* Bid to end fish subsidies hits opposition at WTO, May 8, 2002 A bid by eight
countries including the United States for a World Trade Organization (WTO) pact
to cut back fishing subsidies is facing tough opposition from Japan and South
Korea, trade sources said yesterday. http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/15858/newsDate/8-May-2002/story.htm
* Marine Fish Conservation Network - coalition dedicated to conserving marine
fisheries and to promoting their long-term sustainability. http://www.conservefish.org/
4. Habitat loss and degradation
* Aquatic Biodiversity - http://www.epa.gov/bioindicators/aquatic/habitat.html
* Washington declaration on protection of the marine environment from land-based
activities http://gpa.unep.org/document.html?id=185
* The State of World Fisheries
and Aquaculture 2000
* The Aquaculture Network Information Center
* Sustainable Fisheries:
The Linkages With Trade and Environment
C. A primer on fishery science
* Maximum sustainable yield - http://mercury.bio.uaf.edu/courses/wlf201/lectures/lec%20maximum%20sustainable%20yield.pdf
* NOAA Fisheries - http://www.publicaffairs.noaa.gov/budget02/build.pdf
* Is catch-per-unit-effort proportional to abundance? Shelton J. Harley, Ransom
A. Myers, and Alistair Dunn - http://as01.ucis.dal.ca/ramweb/papers-total/is_cpue_proportional.pdf
D. Fishery management tools
* CRS report for congress - Individual Transferable Quotas in Fishery Management
- http://www.ncseonline.org/NLE/CRSreports/Marine/mar-1.cfm?&CFID=12495670&CFTOKEN=46047228
* Community Development Quotas. See http://www.fakr.noaa.gov/cdq/default.htm
1. Restrictions
* NSW Fisheries - Fisheries Management Act and Regulations - http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/fisheries/info/closures
* Sea Grant Law Center - Limited entry fishing regimes - http://www.olemiss.edu/orgs/SGLC/4limitedentry.html
* Te Ohu Kai Moana (TOKM) is the Treaty of Waitangi Fisheries Commission. Total
allowable catch/total allowable commercial catch setting. - http://www.tokm.co.nz/hui-a-tau/hui-a-tau_1998/allowable_catch.htm
* What Are Individual Fishing Quotas? - http://www.edf.org/article.cfm?contentID=1973
2. Capacity reduction
* Fishery Management - Groundfish Vessel Buyback Program -
http://www.pcouncil.org/groundfish/gfbuy.html
* United States General Accounting Office - Commercial Fisheries Effectiveness
of Fishing Buyback Programs Can Be Improved Statement of Barry T. Hill, Director
Natural Resources and Environment - http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d01699t.pdf
* National Fisheries Conservation Center - Buyback Programs - http://www.nfcc-fisheries.org/ir_io_bp.html
3. Individual Transferable Quotas
* Individual Transferable Quotas (ITQ) in Fisheries - How successful has the
introduction of ITQs been? Betsy Burleson - http://www.colby.edu/personal/t/thtieten/fish-nz.html
* Individual Transferable Quota Programs - Using Market-Based Solutions to Solve
Fisheries Management Problems - http://www.atsea.org/issues/itqpaper.html
Case Study: Community Development Quotas
E. Fishery Law
1. UNCLOS and EEZs
* Ocean and Law of the Sea - http://www.un.org/Depts/los/index.htm
* Law of the Sea Treaty, 1982 General Resolution - http://www.uua.org/socialjustice/socialjustice/statements/20161.shtml
* International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea - international regulators for
all ocean space, its uses, and resources. http://www.itlos.org/
* United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea - http://www.lawofthesea.net/convention.htm
* UNCLOS - This site is dedicated to the United Nations Convention on the Law
of the Sea. - www.unclos.com/
* FAO Code of
Conduct and FAO Plans of Action
2. Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management
Act
* Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act Public Law 94-265
- http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/msa2005/index.html/
* Recreational Fishing Alliance - http://www.joinrfa.org
* Sustainable Fisheries Act - This Web site provides access to information associated
with and resulting from National Marine Fisheries Service implementation of
the Sustainable Fisheries Act, including 1996 changes and amendments to the
Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act. http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/sfa/
a. Regional Fishery Management Councils
* Regional Fishery Management Councils - http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/ole/fishery_mgmt.html
* International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling - http://www.mofa.go.jp/POLICY/economy/fishery/whales/convention.html
b. Fishery Management Plans (FMPs)
c. Consistency with National Standards
i. National Standard One
ii. National Standard Two
iii. National Standard Eight
iv. National Standard Nine
v. Conflicting Standards
d. Ecosystem Management
Red Snapper Case Study
* Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council - http://www.gulfcouncil.org/
II. Marine Mammals
A. Whales
1. History of Whaling
* The Museum's new distance-learning website, http://www.portraitsofports.org,
provides a broad array of research tools, a virtual exhibit, and interactive
activities intended for participants at different learning levels and with varied
interests.
* International Whaling Commission (IWC) works for the proper conservation of
whale stocks and thus make possible the orderly development of the whaling industry.
http://www.iwcoffice.org/
* International Council for the Exploration of the Sea -
http://www.ices.dk/
* Table of Threatened Whale Species - http://www.iwcoffice.org/conservation/estimate.htm
* Whale Communication Sounds by Species - http://birds.cornell.edu/BRP/SoundsMarMamm.html
* Biological Data for Each Whale Species -
http://www.cetacea.org/whales.htm
2. International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling
* International Convention on the Regulation of Whaling - http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/economy/fishery/whales/convention.html
* Amendments to the International Convention for Regulation of Whaling - http://www.aph.gov.au/house/committee/jsct/September2003/report/chapt8.pdf
* Revised Management Procedure - http://www.highnorth.no/Library/Management_Regimes/IWC/th-in-wh.htm
* North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission - http://www.nammco.no/
* The U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act - A Report to the High North Alliance
on the waiver process and exemptions to the embargo on marine mammal products.
- http://www.highnorth.no/Library/Trade/GATT_WTO/us-ma-ma.htm
* Japanese Whaling Association - http://www.whaling.jp/english/
a. The Moratorium and Responses
b. Breaking the Stalemate
3. Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling
* 1931 League of Nations convention - http://www.oceanlaw.net/texts/whales31.htm
* Makah Nation - Official homepage with government and cultural information,
also with a special FAQ about whaling. http://www.makah.com/
* Treaty of Neah Bay, 1855 - http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=2632
* Sea Shepherd Conservation Society - protecting the world's marine mammals.
http://www.seashepherd.org
* Wilson Parker, Makah Culure and Tradition - http://www.paws.org/about/mag/issues/issue39/culture.php
* You can find images of Makah whale hunt protests here.
* Click here
for an article about the Makah whale hunt with links.
* Here
is a map showing the location of the Makah Indian Reservation.
* For another article about the Makah whale hunt, click here.
B. Marine Mammal-Fishery Conflicts
* For species information and status, click here.
* Click here
for a list of endangered, threatened and depleted mammals.
1. Overview of the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972
* Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 -
http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/laws/mmpa.pdf
* Kokechik Fishermen's Association v. Secretary of Commerce United States, 839
F.2d 795 (1988) - The Secretary of Commerce issued a regulation authorizing
appellant salmon federation to take a fixed number of porpoise in connection
to commercial fishing for salmon. Appellee commercial fishermen opposed the
permit. The federation sought review of a judgment which preliminarily enjoined
the Secretary from issuing the permit. - http://www.animallaw.info/cases/caus839f2d795.htm
2. Salmon-Pinnipeds
* Sea lion problem solved in Seattle - http://www.cnn.com/EARTH/9804/08/trout.survival/
* Project will design solution to sea lion problem - Emily Walker April 5, 1996
- http://archives.thedaily.washington.edu/1996/040596/lions040596.html
* California Sea Lion: Population Size And Trends - http://www.nwfsc.noaa.gov/publications/techmemos/tm28/mammal.htm
* Seal Conservation Society (SCS) - Working to protect seals. News, resources
and information on pinnipeds (seals, sea lions and walruses). http://www.pinnipeds.org/
* Toni Frohoff, Scapegoating Seals and Sea Lions - http://www.hsus.org/marine_mammals/what_are_the_issues/commercial_fisheries_and_marine_mammals/scapegoating_seals_and_sea_lions/
3. Tuna-Dolphins
* Greenpeace Applauds Senate Action On Dolphin Legislation - http://archive.greenpeace.org/majordomo/index-press-releases/1997/msg00269.html
* The tuna-dolphin connection -
http://www.naiaonline.org/body/articles/archives/dolphin2.htm
* Save the Dolphins - http://www.defenders.org/wildlife_and_habitat/wildlife/dolphin.php
* GATT Tuna/Dolphin I - http://www.worldtradelaw.net/reports/gattpanels/tunadolphinI.pdf
* GATT Tuna/Dolphin II - http://www.worldtradelaw.net/reports/gattpanels/tunadolphinII.pdf
* The La Jolla Agreement - http://www.wdcs.org/dan/publishing.nsf/allweb/2C5AE8A85CD67CE980256E1B003F367D
* Agreement on the International Dolphin Conservation Program - http://www.hsus.org/hsi/policy_and_trade/treaties/agreement_on_the_international_dolphin_conservation_program/
* IATTC website - http://www.iattc.org/HomeENG.htm
* NMFS Tuna-Dolphin Documents - http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/prot_res/readingrm/tunadolphin
a. U.S. Legislative Response
b. International Response to U.S. Sanctions
Other Useful Websites
* Glossary of Terms -
http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/om2/glossary.html
* Socioeconomic Survey of Eastern Fishermen - http://www.st.nmfs.gov/st1/econ/1994_facts.html
* Aquatic Ecology Internet Resources - http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/ECS/aquatic/aqualinks.html
