Chapter 1:Thinking About Natural Resources
I. What is a natural resource?
A. The nature of natural
* Yellowstone Wolf Experiment Out of Control — by Jim Slinsky www.theoutdoorlodge.com/features/articles/outdoors/yellowstone_wolf_experiment.html
* The Central Idaho and Yellowstone area Wolf Reintroduction Program - www.geocities.com/timber-wp/reintro.html
* Manage Natural Resources for a Healthy Environment and a Strong Environment
-
www.doi.gov/pfm/par/acct2000/goal3.pdf
B. Why should we protect or use natural resources?
1. Biocentrism
a. Deep Ecology
* Foundation for Deep Ecology - The mission of the Foundation for Deep Ecology
(FDE) is to support education, advocacy, and legal action on behalf of wild
Nature and in opposition to the technologies and developments that are destroying
the natural world. - www.deepecology.org/
* Resurgence - What is Deep Ecology? - examines deep ecology's elements and
development. www.morning-earth.org/DE6103/Read%20DE/Harding,%20What%20is%20DE.pdf
b. The Land Ethic
* Wilderness Society - protecting America's wilderness and roadless areas,
including the Arctic Wildlife Refuge, forests, monuments, parks, and refuges.
www.wilderness.org
* The Philosophical Foundations of Aldo Leopold's "Land Ethic"- By
Ernest Partridge - http://gadfly.igc.org/papers/leopold.htm
* A Land Ethic for Protecting Biodiversity - Mitch Friedman
http://trumpeter.athabascau.ca/index.php/trumpet/rt/printerFriendly/389/620
2. Anthropocentrism
a. Utilitarianism
b. Ecosystem Services, Use and Non-use Values
* Environmental Risk and Cost-Benefit Analysis -
http://www.ncseonline.org/NLE/CRSreports/Risk/rsk-24.cfm
* Executive Order 12866 of September 30, 1993v -
http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/npr/library/direct/orders/2646.html
3. Intergenerational Equity
4. Why Values Matter in Natural Resources Law
* Endangered Species Act - http://www.fws.gov/Endangered/pdfs/esaall.pdf
* Marine Mammal Protection Act - http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/laws/mmpa.pdf
* Magnuson Fisheries Conservation and Management Act - http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/sfa/magact/
case study: The Nature of Wilderness
* The John Muir Trust - formed in 1983 to protect and conserve wild places
and to increase awareness and understanding of the value of such places. http://www.jmt.org/
II. Why are natural resources difficult to manage?
A. Scarcity
* Resources, Scarcity, Growth And The Environment by Robert U. Ayres - http://ec.europa.eu/environment/enveco/waste/pdf/ayres.pdf
* The Industrial Ecology of Renewable Resources by Reid Lifset, Associate Director
Industrial Environmental Management Program School of Forestry & Environmental
Studies Yale University http://www.unu.edu/zef/publications-e/ZEF-EN-1999-02-D.pdf
B. Clash of Values
* The Environment and Conflict in the Third World by Geoffrey D. Dabelko http://www.bsos.umd.edu/harrison/papers/paper12.htm
C. Problems of the commons
D. Market Forces and Market Failures
* Harnessing Market Forces To Protect The Environment by Timothy E. Wirth,
Colorado John Heinz - http://ksghome.harvard.edu/~.rstavins.academic.ksg/Monographs_&_Reports/Project_88-1.pdf
E. Scientific Uncertainty
* Managing Environmental Risks Under Scientific Uncertainty And Controversy
- re-examine the problems linked to the management of environmental risks and
reassert the distinction made by Knight (1921) between “risk” and
“uncertainty”. http://www.univ-rouen.fr/droit-sceco-gestion/Recherche/CARE/Documents/Cheve%20Congar%2019-12.pdf
* Handling Risk & Uncertainty In Environmental Policy-Making - This report
summarizes a joint project by Green Alliance and the Global Environmental Change
Programme (GECP) of the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC). http://www.green-alliance.org.uk/grea_p.aspx?id=416
* The 4p Approach to Dealing With Scientific Uncertainty - By Robert Costanza
and Laura Cornwell - http://dieoff.org/page33.htm
F. Scale
* The Question of Scale In Integrated Natural Resource Management by Chris
Lovel, Alois Mandondo, and Patrick Moriarty http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol5/iss2/art25/main.html
* Modeling In An Urban Park Environment: A Water Quality Modeling Case Study
In Central Park - http://www.colorado.edu/research/cires/banff/pubpapers/119/
1. Biophysical Scale
2. Political Scale
* Friends of the Earth- the Citizens’ Guide To Trade, Environment, And
Sustainability - http://www.foei.org/trade/activistguide/globrace.htm
* Pollution for Export – by Tom Jones, OECD Environment Directorate, and
Richard McNally, World Wide Fund for Nature http://www.unesco.org/courier/1998_12/uk/planete/txt1.htm
a. Getting Political Scale Right
b. The Relationship Between Property and Management Jurisdiction
3. Temporal scale
* Protecting The Environment For Future Generations: A Proposal For A "Republican"
Superagency - Bradford C. Mank -
* Declaration On The Responsibilities Of The Present Generations Towards Future
Generations - Adopted on 12 November 1997 by the general conference of UNESCO
(United Nations Educational, Scientific And Cultural Organization) - http://www.unesco.org/cpp/uk/declarations/generations.pdf
Case Study: The Quincy Library Group
* Quincy Library Group - A collaboration of local environmentalists elected
officials, citizens, and timber and grazing interests. www.qlg.org
* Forest Recovery Act - http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/resources/hii40051.000/hii40051_0f.htm
G. Institutional adequacy
* Superfund Contractors and Agency Capture By Bradford C. Mank - Reviews the
history of Superfund contractors' involvement in the program and discusses how
CERCLA settlement procedures affect EPA's use of contractors. Introduces issues
relating to agency capture theory. Examines whether Superfund contractors have
captured or unduly influenced the program. Discusses ways in which EPA can improve
the management of its contractors. http://www1.law.nyu.edu/journals/envtllaw/issues/vol2/1/2nyuelj34.html
* Free Market Environmentalism – Edited by Robert Knautz http://www.hazlitt.org/spotlight/9705.html
Case Study: Drilling for Oil in the Arctic National Wildlife
Refuge
* Arctic National Wildlife Refuge - official site from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service. http://arctic.fws.gov/
* ANWR - organization working to expedite approval of oil exploration in the
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. www.anwr.org/
* Save the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge - They have vowed to fight to protect
the crown jewel of the National Wildlife Refuge System. www.savearcticrefuge.org/sections/over.html
* Defenders of Wildlife: Arctic National Wildlife Refuge - Focuses on keeping
oil drilling out of the refuge. Offers information and an online petition. www.defenders.org
III. Tools for managing natural resources
* Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) - Uses law, science, and the support
of its members to protect the planet's wildlife and wild places and to ensure
a safe and healthy environment for all www.nrdc.org/
A. Prescriptive Regulation
B. Property Rights
* National Center for Policy Analysis – Property Rights May Save Elephants
- http://www.ncpa.org/sub/dpd/index.php?Article_ID=9756
* United States Chamber of Commerce - http://www.uschamber.com/issues/index/environment/propertyrights.htm
* Property Rights and the Environment – by Craig Infanger available here
C. Payments and Penalties
* Subsidizing the Destruction of the Commons - Rachel's Environment &
Health News June 12, 2003 http://www.rachel.org/en/node/5679
* The Polluter Gets Paid - An Analysis of the Effect of Subsidies in Four Fields
of Environmental Policy by W.J.V. Vermeulen - available here
D. Tradable Permits
* Tradable Permits in Pollution Markets by Lata Gangadharan http://economics.lakeheadu.ca/rizzo/2006/links/Tradable%20Permits%20in%20Pollution%20Markets.pdf
* National Center for Policy Analysis – Trading Pollution Permits –
The origins, workings, and some of the accomplishments. Available here
* Environmental Protection Agency - Allowance Trading - http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/trading/basics.html
E. Public Disclosure
* From Public Disclosure To Public Accountability: What Impact Will It Have
On Compliance? By Frances Irwin and Mary Frances Repko http://www.inece.org/2ndvol1/irwin.htm
* Citizens For A Better Environment V Department Of Food And Agriculture - http://www.cfac.org/CaseLaw/Cases/Citizens.html
